Objective: To quantify the use of the interprofessional team member (ITM) domain of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) by North Dakota pharmacists across practice sites, roles in practice, and by preceptor status. Methods: Survey methods were used to characterize the self-reported frequency with which pharmacists undertake core EPAs and supporting tasks in the ITM domain. The survey was administered to registered pharmacists practicing in North Dakota (n=990) during the fall of 2018, of which 457 (46.1%) responded. After eliminating responses with incomplete or missing information, 119 responses were available for analysis. Results: For the overall EPA ITM domain, "Collaborate as a member of an interprofessional team population" pharmacists reported performing these activities an average (mean) of 3.3 times per month (SD=2.3). Within this domain, the highest reported example activity was "Use setting appropriate communication skills when interacting with others" (mean=4.1, SD 1.8), followed by "Communicate a patient's medication-related problem(s) to another health professional" (mean=3.3, SD 2.0), and "Contribute medication-related expertise to the team's work" (mean=3.1, SD=2.2). ITM domain and supporting example activities were performed at a greater rate in hospitals, community health centers and long-term-care facilities. For most items, preceptors reported a greater use of activities, than did non-preceptors. Conclusions: North Dakota pharmacists currently complete tasks outlined in the ITM domain of the EPAs, although their contributions are varied by task, role, and preceptor status.

Background: Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are a list of professional tasks that pharmacy educational organizations support, and accreditation organizations encourage, for assessment by colleges and schools of pharmacy. Objective: This manuscript evaluates the perceived frequency of performing EPAs in the population health promoter (PHP) domain among pharmacists practicing in North Dakota. Methods: This survey evaluated the self-reported EPA activities of registered pharmacists living and practicing in North Dakota. For EPAs and supporting tasks in the 6 domains (including the PHP domain), respondents were asked to self-report the number of times during the last 30 days that they perform the task, using a 6 point response scale (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more times). there were 990 pharmacists surveyed, and 457 (46.1%) of pharmacists responded. Results: Within the PHP domain, pharmacists reported performing “Minimize adverse drug events and medication errors” most frequently (mean=3.4, SD=2.0), followed by “Ensure that patients have been immunized against vaccine-preventable diseases” (mean=2.3, SD 2.3), “Maximize the appropriate use of medications in a population” (mean=2.2, SD 2.3), and “Identify patients at risk for prevalent diseases in a population” (mean=1.3, SD=1.9). In these Core EPAs PHP domains, the clinical pharmacists reported the highest level, followed by pharmacy managers and staff pharmacists. Conclusions: Pharmacists in North Dakota currently perform some population health promoter activities, but not at a consistent and high level. Most of the health prevention activities were medication-related and oriented towards individual patients (micro-level), rather than at a community (population-based) macro-level.

Background: Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are the latest addition to a list of professional competencies that pharmacy educational organizations support, and accreditation organizations require, for assessment by colleges and schools of pharmacy. Objective: The study’s objective is to assess the use of Core EPAs in the patient care domain (by practice setting, position, and preceptor status) in contemporary pharmacy practice. Methods: This survey assessed the EPA activities of pharmacists practicing in North Dakota. The pharmacists were asked “how many times in the past 30 days have you delivered the following services in your practice setting?” Response options were: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 or more times. Results: Of 990 potential respondents, 457 pharmacists (46.1%) returned a survey, and 107 (10.8%) answered every survey item in the patient care domain. Respondents reported that the highest rated activity items “Collect information to identify a patient’s medication-related problems and health-related needs,” and “Analyze information to determine the effects of medication therapy, identify medication-related problems, and prioritize health-related needs” were performed an average of 3.9 times per week (SD=1.8), and 3.8 times per week (SD=2.0), respectively. Both of these items, were reported for 70% of the respondents at 5 or more times per week. For these items, the highest reported practice setting was ‘other’ practice settings (e.g., long-term care, community health centers) followed by chains, hospitals, and independent pharmacies. By position, clinical pharmacists and preceptors reported the highest activity levels for most EPAs and supportive example tasks. Conclusions: This study provides empirical evidence suggesting (but not proving) that EPAs have potential as a means to assess outcomes in pharmacy education and practice. Our study sets the stage for future work that further refines and assesses core EPA activities and supportive example tasks to measure the impact of how this process relates to outcomes of care.

The objective of the work was to study stomatal characters, chlorophyll and their phylogenetic relationship in 17 cultivars of Musa spp. (AAB; ABB; AAA; AA), of the Germplasm Bank of la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo. The experiments were carried out in the Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Two methods of morphometric and physiological leaf evaluations are used: a) From leaf tissue of 25 cm2 the abaxial and adaxial stomatal density was evaluated in (e/mm2) and b) From leaf disks of 1,3 cm2, was determined the total chlorophyll content. In molecular characterization by RAPD, were used five oligonucleotides. Significant statistical differences were determined (p ≤ 0,05) for the variables, with results of higher abaxial stomatal density in Barraganete of 233 e/mm2 and its directly proportional relationship between stomatal density and length, where the greater the density, the shorter its length. The chlorophyll content of 4,61 mg/g in Guineo seda. The phylogenetic tree generated two large groups at its genomic accession. Sub-group A brought together nine accessions to the genome (AAB), Sub-group B with five accessions of (AAA), highlighting Subgroup C containing the cultivar Orito of the genotype (AA) and Sub-group D with the accessions (AAB and ABB)

El objetivo del trabajo se enfatizó en estudiar los caracteres estomáticos, clorofila y relación filogenética en 17 cultivares de Musa spp. (AAB; ABB; AAA; AA), del Banco de germoplasma de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo. Los experimentos se ejecutaron en el Laboratorio de Microbiología y Biología Molecular. Se empleó dos métodos de evaluaciones morfométricos y fisiológicos de hoja: a) De tejido foliar de 25 cm2 se evaluó la densidad estomática abaxial y adaxial en (e/mm2) y b) De discos foliares de 1,3 cm2 se determinó el contenido de clorofila Total. En caracterización molecular por RAPD se emplearon cinco oligonucleótidos. Se determinaron diferencias estadísticas significativas (p ≤ 0,05) para las variables, con resultados de mayor densidad estomática abaxial en Barraganete de 233 e/mm2 y su relación directamente proporcional entre densidad estomática y longitud, donde a mayor densidad menor su longitud. El contenido de clorofila de 4,61 mg/g en Guineo de seda. El árbol filogenético generó dos grandes Grupos a su accesión genómica. El Sub-grupo A reunió a nueve accesiones al genoma (AAB), Sub-grupo B con cinco accesiones de (AAA), destacando el Sub-grupo C al contener al cultivar Orito del genotipo (AA) y Subgrupo D con las accesiones (AAB y ABB)

Resumo: Este artigo busca explorar as ideias de Will Kymlicka (1998; 2007; 2015) em torno de como o multiculturalismo liberal influenciou as respostas à diversidade no cenário educacional canadense e suas possíveis contribuições ao contexto brasileiro. Ao explorar alguns estudos de caso do Canadá envolvendo escolas de herança linguística com financiamento público e programas afrocêntricos, os autores procuram mostrar como o multiculturalismo liberal desloca os temas de debates educacionais de um foco sobre a prática particular de professores em sala de aula para uma reestruturação da política educacional para lidar com as necessidades únicas de diferentes grupos étnico-culturais na sociedade. Ao realizar conexões com os contextos educacionais brasileiros, o texto destaca alguns dos desafios únicos de introduzir políticas inspiradas no multiculturalismo liberal no Brasil.

Abstract: This paper tries to explore the implications of Will Kimlicka’s (1998; 2007; 2015) theorizing on liberal multiculturalism for educational policy in Canada and Brazil. Through exploring a series of case studies from Canada, including publically funded heritage language schools and Afrocentric programs, we try to show how liberal multiculturalism shifts the terms of educational debates away from a focus on the particular classroom practice of teachers, towards restructuring educational policy to address the unique needs of different ethno-cultural groups in society. Making ongoing links to Brazilian educational contexts, we highlight some of the unique challenges of introducing policies inspired by liberal multiculturalism in Brazil.

RESUMO: O estágio supervisionado ocupa lugar central na articulação entre o aspecto teórico e o prático na formação de futuros professores. O artigo apresenta constatações de um estudo sobre esse lugar em duas realidades distintas.

ABSTRACT: This text presents findings from a study about the central role played by the practical training in the process of teachers’ education under two different perspectives.

RÉSUMÉ: L’article présente des résultats d’une recherche sur le rôle central du stage dans l’articulation entre les aspects théorique et pratique de la formation des enseignants sous deux perspectives differentes.

Background: The profession of pharmacy is expanding its involvement in public health, but few studies have examined pharmacists’ delivery of public health services. Objective: To assess Iowa and North Dakota pharmacists’ practices, frequency of public health service delivery, level of involvement in achieving the essential services of public health, and barriers to expansion of public health services in rural and urban areas. Methods: This study implemented an on-line survey sent to all pharmacists currently practicing pharmacy in Iowa and North Dakota. Results: Overall, 602 valid responses were analyzed, 297 in rural areas and 305 in urban areas. Three practice settings (chain stores [169, 28.2%], independent community pharmacies [162, 27.0%], and hospital pharmacies [156, 26.0%]) comprised 81.2% of the sample. Both chain and independent community pharmacists were more commonly located in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.05). For some public health services, pharmacists in rural areas reported higher frequency of delivery than did pharmacists in urban areas (P < .05) that included: medication therapy management, immunizations, tobacco counseling, and medication take-back programs. For some essential services, pharmacists (particularly independents) in rural areas reported more frequent delivery than did pharmacists in urban areas (P < .05), these included: evaluate the services the pharmacy provides, partner with the community to identify and help solve health problems, and conduct needs assessments to identify health risks in my community. Conclusion: Rural pharmacists more frequently deliver public health services than urban in both Iowa and North Dakota. These findings should be interpreted to be primarily due to differences in the role of the rural pharmacist and the quest for certain opportunities that rural pharmacists are seeking.